Bansal, S. S. | bioRxiv Science

bioRxiv2026

Extracellular Vesicles Mediate Activation and Trafficking of Splenic Immune Cells to the Heart Post-Myocardial Infarction

BackgroundMyocardial infarction (MI) triggers splenic immune cell trafficking to the heart. Vehicles that carry these signals and mediate this crosstalk are unknown. HypothesisWe hypothesize that extracellular vesicles (EVs) released post-MI mediate splenic immune trafficking to the heart. MethodsMice were treated daily with an EV biogenesis inhibitor (GW4869) or vehicle. Splenic/cardiac immune cells were assessed at 3d while survival, cardiac function, hypertrophy, and fibrosis were evaluated at 8w post-MI. Plasma EVs from 1d MI mice or from the hearts that underwent MI/sham in a Langendorff system induced splenic immune trafficking to the heart within 3d and systolic dysfunction at 8w in naive mice. ResultsGW4869 i) inhibited splenic regression, ii) increased splenic retention of neutrophils, monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), and CD4 T-cells, iii) decreased cardiac gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, and iv) decreased trafficking of immune cells to the hearts at 3d post-MI, and iii) improved systolic function and attenuated hypertrophy at 8w post-MI. MI EVs accumulated in the spleen and promoted egress of matured splenic immune cells upon administration to naive mice. Cardiac pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines expression and CCR2+MHC-IIhi infiltrating macrophages, CD11c+ DCs, and CD4+ and CD4+TNF+ T-cell levels were also increased in naive mice at 3d post-injection. Importantly, transfer of MI EVs for 2 days induced systolic dysfunction, cellular hypertrophy, and fibrosis in naive mice at 8 w post-injection. DCs process MI EVs for T-cells activation. ConclusionsEVs mobilize splenic immune cells to the heart post-MI and their inhibition can subdue inflammatory tissue-damage to promote healing post-MI.

immunology↗

bioRxiv2018

Parallel evolution of frog antimicrobial peptides produces identical conformations but subtly distinct membrane and antibacterial activities

Frogs such as Rana temporaria and Litoria aurea secrete numerous closely related antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as an effective chemical dermal defence. Despite the high similarity in physical properties and preference for adopting secondary amphipathic, -helix conformations in membrane mimicking milieu, their spectrum of activity and potency often varies considerably. Damage or penetration of the bacterial plasma membrane is considered essential for AMP activity and hence distinguishing apparently similar AMPs according to their behaviour in, and effects on, model membranes will inform understanding of species specific effective antimicrobial mechanisms. Here we use a combination of molecular dynamics simulations, circular dichroism and patch-clamp to investigate the basis for differing anti-bacterial activities in representative AMPs from each species; temporin L and aurein 2.5. Despite adopting near identical, -helix conformations in the steady-state in a variety of membrane models, these two AMPs can be distinguished both in vitro and in silico based on their dynamic interactions with model membranes; the greater conformational flexibility and the higher amplitude channel conductance induced offers a rationale for the greater potency and broader spectrum of activity of temporin L over aurein 2.5. Specific contributions from individual residues are identified that define the mechanisms of action of each AMP. Our findings suggest AMPs in frogs are examples of parallel evolution whose utility is based on apparently similar but subtly distinct mechanisms of action.

biophysics↗