Cellular, Molecular, and Enzymatic Signatures ofThrombi are Vascular Bed-Dependent
BackgroundThe contribution of arterial and venous thrombi to vascular remodeling is unclear. While catheter-extraction of thrombus in cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is time-sensitive, similar urgency is rare in managing venous thromboembolism (VTE). ObjectivesOur goal was to determine molecular cellular signatures of thrombus extracted by catheter from various vascular beds to gain insight into vascular remodeling. MethodsTwenty-five patients underwent catheter-directed thrombectomy (CDT), 13 for acute CVA, 8 for pulmonary embolism (PE), and 4 for deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Protein and RNA extracted from thrombus was evaluated by immunoblotting and sequencing, respectively. Thrombus-derived enzymes for which substrate is present in the blood vessel wall were examined for enzymatic activity. ResultsTime from symptom onset to thrombus extraction was 7.7 {+/-} 1.9 hours for CVA and 109 {+/-} 55 hours for VTE. Protein concentration, white blood cell and red blood cell content were all greater in venous compared with arterial thrombus while platelet content was similar. Both venous and arterial thrombus contained multiple Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP) isoforms. MMP9 specific activity was greater in venous than in arterial thrombus (57 {+/-} 6 ng/mL.g protein-1 vs. 24 {+/-} 8 ng/mL.g protein-1, P=0.0051). ConclusionsArterial and venous thrombus have dissimilar phenotypes, each with biologically-active enzymes known to remodel blood vessels, and enzymatic activity proportional to the white blood cell content which increases with thrombus age. These data suggest a mechanistically-important role for early CDT to avoid the consequences of irreversible vascular remodeling. Condensed AbstractEmergent extraction of acute thrombus from arterial vascular beds restores limb and end-organ perfusion and is widely-accepted to be the standard of care. Extraction of thrombus from venous vascular beds, however, is rarely considered urgent, even though many patients subsequently develop debilitating symptoms. By capitalizing on privileged thrombus extracted from multiple vascular beds, we gained mechanistic insight regarding the cellular composition and cell-derived enzymes secreted from thrombus that may remodel the vessel wall. This study shows thrombi are biologically-active entities, continuously recruiting circulating cells that secrete enzymes both proportional to thrombus age and the time of patient presentation.