Niche engineering drives early passage through an immune bottleneck in progression to colorectal cancer
O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC=\"FIGDIR/small/623959v2_ufig1.gif\" ALT=\"Figure 1\">\nView larger version (55K):\norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c48cf5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1026747org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ca92f1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1753cd5_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG Colorectal cancer develops from its precursor lesion, the adenoma. The immune system is hypothesized to be key in modulating progression, but tumor-immune eco-evolutionary dynamics remain uncharacterized. Here, we demonstrate a key role for immune evasion in the progression of human benign disease to colorectal cancer. We constructed a mathematical model of tumor-immune eco-evolutionary dynamics that predicted ecological succession, from an \"immune-hot\" adenoma immune ecology rich in T cells to an \"immune-cold\" carcinoma ecology, deficient in T cells and rich in immunosuppressive cells. Using a cross-sectional cohort of adenomas and carcinomas, we validated this prediction by direct measurement of the tumor-immune ecology using whole-slide 10-marker immunohistochemistry (IHC), and analysis of neoantigen clonal architecture multi-region exome sequencing data. Changes in immune ecology relax selection against antigens with high recognition potentials. This study indicates that immune surveillance represents a key evolutionary bottleneck in the evolution of colon cancer.