Genetic editing of CISH enhances T cell effector programs independently of immune checkpoint cell surface ligand expression
PD-1 acts as a negative regulator of T cell-mediated immune responses in the setting of persistent antigen expression, including cancer and chronic pathogen infections. Antibody-mediated blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis benefits a subset of patients with highly immunogenic malignancies; however, many patients fail to respond due to a requirement for expression of the cell surface ligand PD-L1 within the tumor microenvironment. CISH is a member of a new class of intra-cellular immune checkpoint molecules that function downstream of the T cell receptor to regulate antigen-specific effector functions, including reactivity to cancer neoantigens. Herein, we employed multiplex CRISPR editing of primary human T cells to systematically compare the function of CISH deletion relative to PDCD1 (the gene encoding PD-1) and/or VSIG9 (the gene encoding TIGIT) in a model of neoantigen-mediated cancer cell cytolysis. PD-1 and TIGIT disruption enhanced cytolytic activity exclusively in the setting of high PD-L1 expression. In contrast, CISH inactivation enhanced antigen-specific cytolysis of tumor cells regardless of PD-L1 expression, including outperforming PD-1 and TIGIT disruption even in the presence of high PD-L1 tumor cells. Furthermore, we observed a synergistic increase in tumor cell killing when CISH and PD-1 or TIGIT are inactivated in combination, supporting the notion that these immune checkpoints regulate non-redundant pathways of T cell activation. Together, these data demonstrate that the intra-cellular immune checkpoint protein CISH can potentially enhance anti-tumor responses against a broad range of cancer types regardless of PD-L1 biomarker status.