Succinate Dehydrogenase-Deficient Cancer Cells Have Increased Susceptibility to Ym155 Induced DNA Damage
The hereditary pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (hPPGL) syndrome is caused by inherited mutations in Succinate Dehydrogenase genes (SDHx). Affected individuals are predisposed to developing pheochromocytomas (Pheo), paragangliomas (PGL), renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). Notably, tumors with succinate dehydrogenase subunit B (SDHB) deficiency demonstrate increased metastatic risk, for which treatments remain palliative. Hence, discovering novel therapeutic avenues to improve the prognosis for SDHB-cancer patients is an urgent need. Here we employed human SDHB-deficient UOK269 RCC cells (SDHB-KO) and isogenic SDHB-reconstituted control cells (SDHB-WT) to discover SDH-dependent mitochondria-directed cytotoxic agents. Given the reduced ATP-generating capacity of SDHB-KO cells, we hypothesized they would be uniquely sensitive to futile cycle induction with mitochondrial ionophores (2,4-Dinitrophenol (2-DNP), BAM15, Niclosamide, Nitazoxanide). Indeed, these compounds exhibited preferential cytotoxicity toward SDHB-KO cells. However, the chemotherapeutic compound Ym155 demonstrated the most potent and dramatic (five-fold) preferential cytotoxicity towards SDHB-KO cells. Importantly, the SDH-dependent cytotoxicity of Ym155 was validated in both primary human pheochromocytoma cells and mouse pheochromocytoma (MPC) cells. Furthermore, because few SDH-deficient cell lines are available, we buttressed our findings in additional relevant cell lines by modeling SDH-deficiency using chemical SDH enzyme inhibition with 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA). We observed a persistent cooperativity between SDH-deficiency and Ym155 cytotoxicity across multiple cell lineages and disease models. Mechanistically, Ym155-induced cytotoxicity was independent of its primary target, Survivin. Instead, SDH-deficiency sensitized cells to Ym155-induced DNA damage. Strikingly, the phenotype of SDH-deficient Ym155 sensitivity was recapitulated by inhibition of the histone demethylase KDM4, a downstream consequence of SDH deficiency. Thus, the accumulation of succinate in SDH-deficient tumors inhibits KDM4 activity, impairs DNA repair and yields enhanced susceptibility to Ym155-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The identified intrinsic susceptibilities of SDHB-deficient cancers has the potential to be therapeutically leveraged.