Sertraline and Carfilzomib Synergize to Target T-cell Malignancies with Serine/Glycine synthesis activity via Cholesterol Dysregulation, Cellular Stress and Immune Modulation
BackgroundT-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) are aggressive hematological malignancies requiring novel therapeutic strategies. The majority of T-ALL and PTCL tumors display metabolic activation and addiction to endogenous serine/glycine synthesis (SSP), providing opportunities for targeted therapy with the clinically used antidepressant sertraline, inhibiting SSP enzymes SHMT1/2. However, sertraline monotherapy only induces cell cycle arrest and has limited efficacy in suppressing disease progression in vivo. MethodsDrug synergy of sertraline combined with clinically used proteasome inhibitors carfilzomib and bortezomib was evaluated. Drug effects on cell cycle, proliferation and apoptosis were assessed in T-ALL, PTCL and healthy blood cells using flow cytometry assays. Proteomic, lipidomic and metabolic analyses on drug treated T-ALL cells were performed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying drug synergy, followed by validation of changes of interest, metabolic rescues and shRNA-knockdown of SSP enzymes in T-ALL cells. In vivo therapeutic efficacy and immune remodelling were evaluated in an immunocompetent MYCN-overexpressing PTCL mouse model. ResultsSertraline acted synergistically with clinically used proteasome inhibitor carfilzomib to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in T-ALL and PTCL cells with SSP activity, with minimal effects on SSP-inactive T-ALL cells or healthy blood cells. Adding carfilzomib also enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of sertraline in an aggressive MYCN PTCL model. Sertraline rewired cell metabolism towards increased cholesterol uptake and biosynthesis in SSP-active T-ALL cells, and this effect was not obtained by other means of SSP inhibition. In contrast to sertraline, carfilzomib promoted cholesterol efflux. Moreover, carfilzomib reduced total lipid levels, further restricting nutrients in sertraline - carfilzomib treated cells. Additionally, the drug combination impaired mitochondrial respiration and elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA damage in SSP-active tumor cells, which was rescued by citrate supplementation. Interestingly, these metabolic changes were associated with microenvironmental changes in our mouse model, where the drug combination elevated natural killer T-cells, neutrophils and eosinophils. ConclusionsOur study identifies synergy of sertraline - carfilzomib combination treatment mediated through metabolic impairment and is associated with remodelling of the immune microenvironment. This invites for further clinical investigation of this drug combination as a therapeutic strategy for SSP-active T-cell malignancies.