Biology subjects

Amano, Y.

Publications and source records attributed to Amano, Y..

13 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2023

Giant genes are rare but implicated in cell wall degradation by predatory bacteria

Across the tree of life, gene lengths vary, but most are no more than a few thousand base pairs in length. The largest protein often reported is the [~]40,000 aa eukaryotic Titin. Even larger proteins may occur in the rapidly expanding set of metagenome-derived sequences, but their existence may be obscured by assembly fragmentation. Here, we leverage genome curation to complete metagenome-derived sequences that encode predicted proteins of up to 85,804 aa. Overall, the findings illuminate a huge knowledge gap related to giant proteins. Although predicted proteins of >30,000 aa occur in bacterial phyla such as Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, they are most common in ca. Omnitrophota, ultra small bacteria that adopt predatory lifestyles. All full length giant genes encode numerous transmembrane regions and most encode divergent secA DEAD helicase domains. In silico structural prediction of protein subregions was required to identify domains in unannotated protein segments, and revealed putative domains implicated in attachment and carbohydrate degradation. Many giant genes in new complete and near-complete Omnitrophota genomes occur in close proximity to genes homologous to type II secretion systems as well as carbohydrate import systems. This, in combination with the domain content, suggests that many bacterial giant proteins enable prey adhesion and cell wall digestion during bacterial predation.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2023

Essential role of an acidic endosomal environment in JAK3-mediated signal transduction

The endosome, an acidic organelle, is a platform for endocytic trafficking and signal transduction. Chloroquine, an intercellular acidic vesicle neutralizer (IAVN), has been used to treat autoimmune diseases. Its immunosuppressive mechanism remains unclear, although several modes of action attributable to lysosomal dysfunction have been postulated. This study found that IAVNs, including chloroquine, can selectively interfere with common cytokine receptor {gamma} chain ({gamma}c) cytokine-induced signal transduction. Our data show that JAK3 targets endosomal membranes in an acidic pH-dependent manner, which is essential for {gamma}c-cytokine-induced functional signal complex formation and signal activation. Among IAVNs, Monensin and similar ionophores were particularly effective in suppressing {gamma}c-cytokine-induced cell proliferation in vitro. Monensin exerted therapeutic effects in a collagen-induced arthritis mouse model by interfering with T helper 17 cells. Our findings help further understand the immunosuppressive mechanism of IAVNs and unveil the spatial regulation of JAK3-mediated signal transduction via endosomes.

immunology↗

bioRxiv2023

Methanotrophic Methanoperedens archaea host diverse and interacting extrachromosomal elements

Methane emissions that contribute to climate change can be mitigated by anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea such as Methanoperedens. Some Methanoperedens have huge extrachromosomal genetic elements (ECEs) called Borgs that may modulate their activity, yet the broader diversity of Methanoperedens ECEs is little studied. Here, we report small enigmatic linear ECEs, circular viruses and unclassified ECEs, that we predict replicate within Methanoperedens. The linear ECEs have features such as inverted terminal repeats, pervasive tandem repeats, and coding patterns that are strongly reminiscent of Borgs, but they are only 52 kb to 145 kb in length. They share proteins with Borgs and Methanoperedens. Thus, we refer to them as mini-Borgs. Mini-Borgs are genetically diverse and we assign them to at least five family-level groups. We also identify eight novel families of Methanoperedens viruses, some of which encode multiheme cytochromes, and unclassified circular ECEs that encode TnpB genes. A population-heterogeneous CRISPR array is in close proximity to the TnpB and has spacers that target other Methanoperedens ECEs including previously reported plasmids. The diverse groups of ECEs exchange genetic information with each other and with Methanoperedens, likely impacting the activity and evolution of these environmentally important archaea.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2022

RAID: Regression Analysis based Inductive DNA microarray for Precise Read-Across

Chemical structure-based read-across represents a promising method for chemical toxicity evaluation without the need for animal testing; however, a chemical structure is not necessarily related to toxicity. Therefore, in vitro studies were often used for read-across reliability refinement; however, their external validity has been hindered by the gap between in vitro and in vivo conditions. Thus, we developed a virtual DNA microarray, Regression Analysis based Inductive DNA microarray (RAID), which quantitatively predicts in vivo gene expression profiles based on the chemical structure and/or in vitro transcriptome data. For each gene, elastic-net models were constructed using chemical descriptors and in vitro transcriptome data to predict in vivo data from in vitro data (in vitro to in vivo extrapolation; IVIVE). In feature selection, useful genes for assessing the quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) and IVIVE were identified. Predicted transcriptome data derived from the RAID system reflected the in vivo gene expression profiles of characteristic hepatotoxic substances. Moreover, gene ontology and pathway analyses indicated that xenobiotic response and metabolic activation via nuclear receptors are related to those gene expressions. The identified IVIVE-related genes were associated with fatty acid-, xenobiotic-, and drug metabolism, indicating that in vitro studies were effective in evaluating these key events. Furthermore, validation studies revealed that chemical substances associated with these key events could be detected as hepatotoxic biosimilar substances. These results indicate that the RAID system could represent an alternative screening test for repeated-dose toxicity test and toxicogenomic analyses. Our technology provides a critical solution to IVIVE-based read-across by considering the mode of action and chemical structures.

pharmacology and toxicology↗

bioRxiv2022

A widespread group of large plasmids in methanotrophic Methanoperedens archaea

Anaerobic methanotrophic (ANME) archaea conserve energy from the breakdown of methane, an important driver of global warming, yet the extrachromosomal genetic elements that impact the activities of ANME archaea are little understood. Here we describe large plasmids associated with ANME archaea of the Methanoperedens genus. These have been maintained in two bioreactors that contain enrichment cultures dominated by different Methanoperedens species and co-occur with Methanoperedens species in other anoxic environments. By manual curation we show that two of the plasmids are large (155,607 bp and 191,912 bp), circular, and replicate bidirectionally. The group of Methanoperedens species that carry these plasmids is related to "Ca. Methanoperedens nitroreducens", "Ca. Methanoperedens ferrireducens", "Ca. Methanoperedens manganicus" and the plasmids occur in the same copy number as the main chromosome. The larger plasmid encodes transporters that potentially enhance access to Ni, which is required for the methyl-CoM reductase (Mcr), Co required for the cobalamin cofactor needed for methyltransferases, and amino acid uptake. We show that many plasmid genes are actively transcribed, including genes involved in plasmid chromosome maintenance and segregation, a Co2+/Ni2+ transporter and cell protective proteins. Notably, one plasmid carries three tRNAs and two colocalized genes encoding ribosomal protein uL16 and elongation factor eEF2. These are not encoded in the host Methanoperedens genome and uL16 and eEF2 were highly expressed, indicating an obligate interdependence between this plasmid and its host. The finding of plasmids of Methanoperedens opens the way for the development of genetic vectors that could be used to probe little understood aspects of Methanoperedens physiology. Ultimately, this may provide a route to introduce or alter genes that may enhance growth and overall metabolism to accelerate methane oxidation rates.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2022

Fe(III)-dependent anaerobic methane-oxidizing activity in a deep underground borehole demonstrated by in-situ pressure groundwater incubation

The family Methanoperedenaceae archaea mediate anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) in various terrestrial environments. In this study, we newly developed a high-pressure laboratory incubation system by controlling hydraulic pressure ranging from ambient to 5 MPa. Using the system, we investigated groundwater from 214- and 249-m deep boreholes at Horonobe Underground Research Laboratory, Japan, where the high and low abundances of Methanoperedenaceae archaea have been revealed by genome-resolved metagenomics, respectively. We incubated the groundwater samples amended with or without amorphous Fe(III) as an electron acceptor and 13C-labelled methane at an in-situ pressure of 1.6 MPa. After three to seven-day incubation, AOM activities were not detected from the 249-m deep groundwater but from the 214-m deep groundwater. The AOM rates were 93.7 {+/-} 40.6 and 27.7 {+/-} 37.5 nM/day with and without Fe(III) amendment. To clarify the differences in AOM activity between the 214- and 249-m deep groundwater samples, we characterized Fe(III) contents in suspended particulates collected by filtration. The particulates were not visible in the 249-m deep groundwater on the filter, while they were abundant and contained Fe(III)-bearing phyllosilicates in the 214-m deep groundwater. These results support the in-situ activity of Fe(III)-dependent AOM in the deep subsurface borehole.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2021

Appropriate tension sensitivity of α-catenin ensures rounding morphogenesis of epithelial spheroids

The adherens junction (AJ) is an actin filament-anchoring junction. It plays a central role in epithelial morphogenesis through cadherin-based recognition and adhesion among cells. The stability and plasticity of AJs are required for the morphogenesis. An actin-binding -catenin is an essential component of the cadherin-catenin complex and functions as a tension transducer that changes its conformation and induces AJ development in response to tension. Despite much progress in understanding molecular mechanisms of tension sensitivity of -catenin, its significance on epithelial morphogenesis is still unknown. Here we show that the tension sensitivity of -catenin is essential for epithelial cells to form round spheroids through proper multicellular rearrangement. Using a novel in vitro suspension culture model, we found that epithelial cells form round spheroids even from rectangular-shaped cell masses with high aspect ratios without using high tension and that hypersensitive mutants affected this morphogenesis. Analyses of AJ formation and cellular tracking during rounding morphogenesis showed cellular rearrangement, probably through AJ remodeling. The rearrangement occurs at the cell mass level, but not single-cell level. Hypersensitive -catenin mutant-expressing cells did not show cellular rearrangement at the cell mass level, suggesting that proper AJ plasticity requires appropriate tension sensitivity of -catenin.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2021

The Chloroflexi supergroup is metabolically diverse and representatives have novel genes for non-photosynthesis based CO2 fixation

The Chloroflexi superphylum have been investigated primarily from the perspective of reductive dehalogenation of toxic compounds, anaerobic photosynthesis and wastewater treatment, but remain relatively little studied compared to their close relatives within the larger Terrabacteria group, including Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes. Here, we conducted a detailed phylogenetic analysis of the phylum Chloroflexota, the phylogenetically proximal candidate phylum Dormibacteraeota, and a newly defined sibling phylum proposed in the current study, Eulabeiota. These groups routinely root together in phylogenomic analyses, and constitute the Chloroflexi supergroup. Chemoautotrophy is widespread in Chloroflexi. Two Form I Rubisco ancestral subtypes that both lack the small subunit are prevalent in ca. Eulabeiota and Chloroflexota, suggesting that the predominant modern pathway for CO2 fixation evolved in these groups. The single subunit Form I Rubiscos are inferred to have evolved prior to oxygenation of the Earths atmosphere and now predominantly occur in anaerobes. Prevalent in both Chloroflexota and ca. Eulabeiota are capacities related to aerobic oxidation of gases, especially CO and H2. In fact, aerobic and anaerobic CO dehydrogenases are widespread throughout every class-level lineage, whereas traits such as denitrification and reductive dehalogenation are heterogeneously distributed across the supergroup. Interestingly, some Chloroflexota have a novel clade of group 3 NiFe hydrogenases that is phylogenetically distinct from previously reported groups. Overall, the analyses underline the very high level of metabolic diversity in the Chloroflexi supergroup, suggesting the ancestral metabolic platform for this group enabled highly varied adaptation to ecosystems that appeared in the aerobic world.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2021

Patterns of gene content and co-occurrence constrain the evolutionary path toward animal association in CPR bacteria

Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) bacteria are small, likely episymbiotic organisms found across Earths ecosystems. Despite their prevalence, the distribution of CPR lineages across habitats and the genomic signatures of transitions amongst these habitats remain unclear. Here, we expand the genome inventory for Absconditabacteria (SR1), Gracilibacteria, and Saccharibacteria (TM7), CPR bacteria known to occur in both animal-associated and environmental microbiomes, and investigate variation in gene content with habitat of origin. By overlaying phylogeny with habitat information, we show that bacteria from these three lineages have undergone multiple transitions from environmental habitats into animal microbiomes. Based on co-occurrence analyses of hundreds of metagenomes, we extend the prior suggestion that certain Saccharibacteria have broad bacterial host ranges and constrain possible host relationships for Absconditabacteria and Gracilibacteria. Full-proteome analyses show that animal-associated Saccharibacteria have smaller gene repertoires than their environmental counterparts and are enriched in numerous protein families, including those likely functioning in amino acid metabolism, phage defense, and detoxification of peroxide. In contrast, some freshwater Saccharibacteria encode a putative rhodopsin. For protein families exhibiting the clearest patterns of differential habitat distribution, we compared protein and species phylogenies to estimate the incidence of lateral gene transfer and genomic loss occurring over the species tree. These analyses suggest that habitat transitions were likely not accompanied by large transfer or loss events, but rather were associated with continuous proteome remodeling. Thus, we speculate that CPR habitat transitions were driven largely by availability of suitable host taxa, and were reinforced by acquisition and loss of some capacities. IMPORTANCEStudying the genetic differences between related microorganisms from different environment types can indicate factors associated with their movement among habitats. This is particularly interesting for bacteria from the Candidate Phyla Radiation because their minimal metabolic capabilities require symbiotic associations with microbial hosts. We found that shifts of Absconditabacteria, Gracilibacteria, and Saccharibacteria between environmental ecosystems and mammalian mouths/guts probably did not involve major episodes of gene gain and loss; rather, gradual genomic change likely followed habitat migration. The results inform our understanding of how little-known microorganisms establish in the human microbiota where they may ultimately impact health.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2020

Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of Ser852 and Ser889 control clustering, localization, and function of PAR-3

Cell polarity is essential for various asymmetric cellular events, where the partitioning defective (PAR) protein, PAR3, plays a unique role as a cellular landmark to establish polarity. In epithelial cells, PAR3 localizes at the subapical border such as the tight junction in vertebrates and functions as an apical determinant. Although there is much information about the regulators of PAR3 localization, the mechanism involved in PAR3 concentration and localization to the specific membrane domain remains an important question to be clarified. In this study, we demonstrate that ASPP2, a stimulator of PAR3 localization, can link PAR3 and protein phosphatase 1 (PP1). The ASPP2-PP1 complex dephosphorylates a novel phosphorylation site, Ser852, of PAR3. Furthermore, Ser852- or Ser889-unphosphorylatable PAR3 mutants form protein clusters and ectopically localize to the lateral membrane. Concomitance of clustering and ectopic localization suggests that PAR3 localization is a consequence of local clustering. We also demonstrate that unphosphorylatable forms of PAR3 are static in molecular turnover and fail to coordinate rapid reconstruction of the tight junction, supporting that both phosphorylated and dephosphorylated states are essential for the functional integrity of PAR3. Summary statementWe show that phosphorylation and dephosphorylation regulate clustering of PAR-3, a cell polarity-regulating factor, and how the clustering regulation affects localization of PAR-3 and cell-cell junction formation.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2019

Aquatic Elusimicrobia are metabolically diverse compared to gut microbiome Elusimicrobia and some have novel nitrogenase-like gene clusters

Currently described members of Elusimicrobia, a relatively recently defined phylum, are animal-associated and rely on fermentation. However, free-living Elusimicrobia have been detected in sediments, soils and groundwater, raising questions regarding their metabolic capacities and evolutionary relationship to animal-associated species. Here, we analyzed 94 draft-quality, non-redundant genomes, including 30 newly reconstructed genomes, from diverse animal-associated and natural environments. Genomes group into 12 clades, 10 of which previously lacked reference genomes. Groundwater-associated Elusimicrobia are predicted to be capable of heterotrophic or autotrophic lifestyles, reliant on oxygen or nitrate/nitrite-dependent respiration, or a variety of organic compounds and Rhodobacter nitrogen fixation-dependent (Rnf-dependent) acetogenesis with hydrogen and carbon dioxide as the substrates. Genomes from two clades of groundwater-associated Elusimicrobia often encode a new group of nitrogenase paralogs that co-occur with an extensive suite of radical S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM) proteins. We identified similar genomic loci in genomes of bacteria from the Gracilibacteria phylum and the Myxococcales order and predict that the gene clusters reduce a tetrapyrrole, possibly to form a novel cofactor. The animal-associated Elusimicrobia clades nest phylogenetically within two free-living-associated clades. Thus, we propose an evolutionary trajectory in which some Elusimicrobia adapted to animal-associated lifestyles from free-living species via genome reduction.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2019

Clades of huge phage from across Earth’s ecosystems

Phage typically have small genomes and depend on their bacterial hosts for replication. DNA sequenced from many diverse ecosystems revealed hundreds of huge phage genomes, between 200 kbp and 716 kbp in length. Thirty-four genomes were manually curated to completion, including the largest phage genomes yet reported. Expanded genetic repertoires include diverse and new CRISPR-Cas systems, tRNAs, tRNA synthetases, tRNA modification enzymes, translation initiation and elongation factors, and ribosomal proteins. Phage CRISPR-Cas systems have the capacity to silence host transcription factors and translational genes, potentially as part of a larger interaction network that intercepts translation to redirect biosynthesis to phage-encoded functions. In addition, some phage may repurpose bacterial CRISPR-Cas systems to eliminate competing phage. We phylogenetically define major clades of huge phage from human and other animal microbiomes, oceans, lakes, sediments, soils and the built environment. We conclude that their large gene inventories reflect a conserved biological strategy, observed over a broad bacterial host range and across Earths ecosystems.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2018

Hydrogen-based metabolism - An ancestral trait in lineages sibling to the Cyanobacteria

The metabolic machinery from which microbial aerobic respiration evolved is tightly linked to the origins of oxygenic Cyanobacteria (Oxyphotobacteria). Even though the majority of Oxyphotobacteria are photoautotrophs and can use carbohydrates with oxygen (O2) as the electron acceptor, all are fermenters under dark anoxic conditions. Studies suggest that the ancestor of Oxyphotobacteria may have used hydrogen (H2) as an electron donor and that two types of NiFe hydrogenases are essential for its oxidation. Melainabacteria and Sericytochromatia, close phylogenetic neighbors to Oxyphotobacteria comprise fermentative and aerobic representatives, or organisms capable of both. Margulisbacteria (candidate divisions RBX-1 and ZB3) and Saganbacteria (candidate division WOR-1), a novel cluster of bacteria phylogenetically related to Melainabacteria, Sericytochromatia and Oxyphotobacteria may further constrain the metabolic platform in which oxygenic photosynthesis and aerobic respiration arose. Here, we predict the metabolisms of Margulisbacteria and Saganbacteria from new and published metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) and single amplified genomes (SAGs), and compare them to their phylogenetic neighbors. Sediment-associated Margulisbacteria are predicted to have a fermentation-based metabolism featuring a variety of hydrogenases, a nitrogenase for nitrogen (N2) fixation, and electron bifurcating complexes involved in cycling of ferredoxin and NAD(P)H. Overall, the genomic features suggest the capacity for metabolic fine-tuning under strictly anoxic conditions. In contrast, the genomes of Margulisbacteria from the ocean ecosystem encode an electron transport chain that supports aerobic growth. Similarly, some Saganbacteria genomes encode various hydrogenases, and others may have the ability to use O2 under certain conditions via a putative novel type of heme copper O2 reductase. Like Melainabacteria and Sericytochromatia, Margulisbacteria and Saganbacteria have diverse energy metabolisms capable of fermentation, and aerobic or anaerobic respiration. In summary, our findings support the hypothesis that the ancestor of these groups was an anaerobe in which fermentation and H2 metabolism were central metabolic features. Our genomic data also suggests that contemporary lineages sibling to the Oxyphotobacteria may have acquired the ability to use O2 as a terminal electron acceptor under certain environmental conditions.

microbiology↗