Biology subjects

Alseekh, S.

Publications and source records attributed to Alseekh, S..

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

High-resolution mapping and epistatic QTL of tomato fruit metabolism

Tomato wild relatives are valuable genetic resources for trait discovery and understanding the genetic basis of fruit metabolism and quality. Yet, only a fraction of naturally occurring variation has been exploited. Here, we performed metabolite profiling of two large Backcross Inbred Line populations derived from crosses between the wild species S. pennellii accession LA5240 (Lost) and cultivated genotypes LEA (determinate) and TOP (indeterminate), including [~]1400 and [~]500 lines, respectively. High-resolution mapping identified enormous metabolic quantitative trait loci (mQTL), including a new locus on chromosome 12 associated with fruit sucrose accumulation that harbours INVERTASE INHIBITOR 3 (SlINVINH3) protein. Comparative analysis indicated that SlINVINH3 is highly expressed in wild S. pennellii 0716 fruit, whereas a six-amino acid deletion is present in its coding sequence compared with S.pennellii LA5240 and S. lycopersicum. We further demonstrated that in SlINVINH3-overexpressing tomato plants, only the S. pennellii LA5240 allele led to increased sucrose, accompanied by reduced fructose and glucose levels. Furthermore, the large population size enabled us to assess the epistatic interactions, with approximately 40% of interactions being more-than-additive and 60% less-than-additive. Our results demonstrate the power of permanent exotic populations to reveal hidden metabolic diversity and provide an approach for improving fruit quality through targeted breeding and metabolic engineering.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Multi-tissue metabolic GWAS and drought-responsive multi-omics reveal the genetic basis of the quinoa metabolome

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) is a nutrient-rich pseudocereal with diverse specialized metabolites, yet the genetic basis of this metabolic diversity is poorly understood. Here we integrate whole-genome sequencing and multi-tissue metabolic profiling of 603 quinoa accessions. We detected 4,688 metabolic features and identified over 1,000 metabolites in seeds, leaves, and roots. Using multi-tissue genome-wide association, we mapped the genetic architecture of quinoa metabolome by identifying 584 quantitative trait loci (QTL) and prioritized 219 candidate genes across 58 major QTL governing saponin, betalain, and flavonoid biosynthesis. Moreover, we constructed a drought-responsive multi-omics regulatory network and uncovered additional key genes involved in quinoa stress signalling and metabolic pathways. Finally, we cloned and functional validated the roles of CYP76AD1 in betalamate accumulation, UGT91C1 in flavonoid glycosylation, and CYP72A154 and soyasapogenol B glucuronide galactosyltransferase (SGT) in saponin biosynthesis. This multi-omic framework provides a high-resolution map of the quinoa metabolome and a foundation for breeding nutrient-rich and stress-resilient quinoa cultivars.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Multi-omic analysis reveals the genetic architecture of water-deficit stress in Phaseolus vulgaris

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the most important grain legumes for direct human consumption. Currently, 60% of its production is estimated to be at risk due to drought. However, the genetic basis of common beans drought resistance is poorly understood. To this end, we assessed the genetic architecture of drought-responsive changes in a whole genome-sequenced population of 218 common bean accessions. Using multi-omics-based trait evaluation, including lipidomics, photosynthetic and agronomic traits, followed by multi-omics genome-wide association studies (moGWAS), yielded in the detection of a myriad of moQTL for photosynthesis and yield, as well as the levels of various lipids. QTL associated with glycolipids, which are integral to photosynthesis, since they constitute the major membrane components of chloroplasts, were identified. In addition, we molecularly validated several lipid-related candidate genes via P. vulgaris hairy root transformation as well as transient expression in tobacco. In particular, a lipoxygenase and an allene oxide synthase were identified as explaining the variation in triacylglycerol by oxylipin production. These data provide a blueprint for multi-omics-assisted improvement of crop water stress resilience.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2025

Chromosome-scale Solanum pennellii and Solanum cheesmaniae genome assemblies reveal structural variants, repeat content and recombination barriers of the tomato clade

Crop wild relatives are important resources for improving cultivated crops, yet the precise introgression of wild genetic material into cultivated crops is often difficult and cannot be fully defined without high-quality genome assemblies. Here we used PacBio HiFi, ONT ultra-long and Hi-C sequencing approaches to generate chromosome-scale de novo genome assemblies of two wild species related to the domesticated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) -- the broadly stress-resistant Solanum pennellii (accession LA0716) and the salt-resistant Solanum cheesmaniae (accession LA1039). K-mer and BUSCO analysis of both assemblies demonstrated above 99% completeness and the improved S. pennellii genome adds 146 Mbp to the 12 chromosomes compared with the original reference. We aligned the new assemblies with seven gold-standard assemblies from the Lycopersicon clade, using Solanum tuberosum as an outgroup, and identified shared and species-specific structural variants. The repeat content of all nine assemblies was characterized, providing evidence for independent explosions of Tekay (gypsy superfamily) retrotransposons in S. pennellii and S. peruvianum. Whole genome sequencing of 709 recombinant plants derived from male and female backcrosses of three different hybrids (S.pennellii, S. cheesemaniae and Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom crossed with Solanum lycopersicum cv. Moneyberg-TMV) revealed higher crossover rate in female meiosis. Recombination landscape analysis identified conserved female-enhanced recombination regions, and coldspots that were completely devoid of meiotic crossovers including megabase-scale inversions and insertion-deletion polymorphisms between S. lycopersicum and S. pennellii. In summary, we harnessed our high-quality S. pennellii and S. cheesmaniae genome assemblies to reveal how repeat content diverged in nature and during breeding, and uncovered how reproductive gender interacts with structural variants to dictate the recombination landscape in tomato hybrids.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2025

Supergene control of chiral development in mirror-image flowers

How genes determine the left-versus right-handed development of chiral structures is a fascinating question. The reciprocal placement of female and male organs on opposite sides of the midline in mirror-image flowers limits selfing and promotes efficient cross-pollination. Here we identify the molecular and developmental basis of floral handedness in butterfly lilies. Female and male organs deflect by a combination of genetically controlled chirality and gravitropism, orienting left and right with respect to an external rather than internal reference axis. Coordinated organ placement is controlled by a hemizygous supergene containing two causal loci, MIR156-R and YUCCA-R, responsible for opposite female and male organ orientation, respectively. This genomic architecture results in differential placement of the supergene alleles on the pollinators and maintenance of the reproductive polymorphism.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2025

Exploring the diversity of the CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM) in different C4 subtypes

C4 plants have traditionally been classified into NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME), NAD-malic enzyme (NAD-ME) and PEP carboxykinase (PEPCK) subtypes based on the predominant C4-acid decarboxylating enzyme. To investigate the relative contributions of malate and aspartate to C4-pathway fluxes in each subtype, we performed 13CO2 pulse and pulse-chase labelling experiments on four C4 grass species: Zea mays and Setaria viridis (NADP-ME), Panicum miliaceum (NAD-ME) and Megathyrsus maximus (PEPCK). Only a proportion (8-50%) of the total malate pool in the leaves is photosynthetically active whereas essentially all of the aspartate pool is photosynthetically active. Estimates of metabolic fluxes indicate that approximately two thirds of the C4 pathway flux is via malate in Z. mays and the remaining third via aspartate, while in S. viridis 50% of the flux is via malate and 50% via aspartate. In P. miliaceum and M. maximus, 91% and 85% of the flux is via aspartate and the remaining 5% and 15% via malate, respectively. The results reveal greater complexity of C4 pathway fluxes than is usually represented in textbook diagrams, and demonstrate the feasibility of using non-radioactive 13CO2 in pulse-chase labelling experiments to study C4 photosynthesis and to detect C4 pathway fluxes in C3 plants engineered to perform C4 photosynthesis. Highlight StatementPhotosynthetic fluxes in C4 species are more complex than most textbook models show, with malate and aspartate both carrying C4 cycle fluxes in all three subtypes (NADP-ME, NAD-ME and PEPCK).

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2025

Multi-Omics Analysis of Heat Stress-Induced Memory in Arabidopsis

In their natural environment, plants experience temperature fluctuations, including intensified heat waves driven by climate change, which pose significant threats to their productivity. To adapt, plants have evolved diverse mechanisms to withstand heat stress (HS), minimizing potential damage and ensuring survival. One such adaptation is acquired thermotolerance (AT), where prior exposure to HS primes plants to withstand subsequent severe HS. AT can persist for several days and involves a recovery period during which plants establish heat stress memory (HSM), reorganize cellular processes, and strengthen stress resilience. The molecular mechanisms underlying HSM remain the subject of active investigation. In this study, we employ a high-throughput comparative multi-omics approach to unravel the transcriptome, metabolome, and proteome of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings during distinct intervals of the HSM phase. Our findings provide insights into the intricacies of HS recovery and the memory process. Notably, distinct temporal responses emerge at both the transcriptional and protein levels during the early and late recovery phases. Transcripts associated with HSM are upregulated during the early HS recovery phase, indicating a rapid response crucial for initial memory formation, while corresponding protein levels remain elevated throughout the recovery period, supporting memory consolidation. Additionally, metabolite profiles reveal distinctive patterns across the HS memory phase. This marks the first detailed multi-omic analysis of the HSM phase in Arabidopsis seedlings, providing insights into the multifaceted nature of this complex process. These comprehensive datasets hold promise in elucidating regulators of HS resilience, thereby enhancing efforts in breeding HS-tolerant crops

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2025

Metabolite-based genome-wide association studies enable the dissection of the genetic bases of bioactive compounds in Chickpea seeds

Chickpea, is the second most consumed food legume, and significantly contributes to the human diet. Chickpea seeds are rich in a wide range of metabolites including bioactive specialized metabolites influencing nutritional qualities and human health. However, the genetic basis underlying the metabolite-based nutrient quality in chickpea remains poorly understood. Here we dissected the genetic architecture of seed metabolic diversity and explored how domestication shaped the chickpea metabolome. Through UPLC-MS we quantify over 3400 metabolic features in 509 chickpea seeds accessions from three independent multi-location field trials. The metabolite genome-wide association study (mGWAS) detected around 130,000 leading SNPs corresponding to 1890 metabolites across different environments. We further found and functionally validated a gene cluster of three CabHLH transcription factors that regulate soyasaponin biosynthesis in chickpea seeds. Our results reveal new insights on the effects of domestication process on chickpea metabolome. and provide valuable resources for the genetic improvement of the bioactive compounds in chickpea seeds.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2025

SNRK3.15 is a crucial component of the sulfur deprivation response in Arabidopsis thaliana

Sulfate deprivation (-S) results in numerous metabolic and phenotypic alterations in plants. Kinases are often key players in transducing nutrient status signals to molecular components involved in metabolic and developmental program regulation, but despite the physiological importance of sulfur, to date, no signaling kinases have been identified in sulfur-deficiency signaling response programs. Here we show that the serine/threonine protein kinase CIPK14/SNRK3.15 plays a regulatory role in the -S response in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Multiple molecular and physiological responses to -S are attenuated in snrk3.15 mutants, including both early adaptive responses and later emergency salvage processes including nutrient deficiency induced senescence. When grown in soil with sufficient sulfur supply, snrk3.15 mutants showed no clear phenotypes, including no difference in seed sulfur content. Lastly, the proteome dataset generated from Col-0 and snrk3.15.1 Arabidopsis seedlings under -S conditions for this project is the first of its kind and will be a valuable research resource. Proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD046612.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2024

GCS-H2 is essential for growth as it acts as the main relay for mitochondrial lipoylation in heterotrophic tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana

H-protein is part of the multi-protein glycine cleavage system found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The Arabidopsis thaliana genome contains three loci for genes encoding H-protein. We show that in land plants, there are two clades of mitochondrial H-proteins; one that clusters with H1 and H3, and another that clusters with H2, an isoform mostly expressed in heterotrophic tissue and for which a null mutation results in a >99% impeded growth. After showing that all three isoforms fulfill the same metabolic function, we evidenced that the impaired root growth in h2 results from an altered cell cycle progression concomitant to a lower Target Of Rapamycin kinase activity. Subsequent metabolomic approaches revealed an accumulation of storage sugars and a significant decrease of the TCA intermediates and several vitamins in the h2 root cells as compared to the wild-type ones. Additional investigations evidenced that H2 acts as the main relay for lipoylation in root mitochondria, which diverges from the current lipoylation model proposed for photosynthetic tissues. Together, this work provides new insight on the control of the cell cycle by mitochondrial metabolism, and also challenges the current dogma for lipoylation in mitochondria of plant cells. Once sentence summaryThe absence of GCS-H2, an isoform of H-protein found in heterotrophic tissue, impedes the cell cycle, and drastically affects plant growth as it acts as the main relay for mitochondrial lipoylation.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2024

Sub-functionalization and epigenetic regulation of a biosynthetic gene cluster in Solanaceae

Biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) are sets of often heterologous genes that are genetically and functionally linked. Among eukaryotes, BGCs are most common in plants and fungi, where they ensure the co-expression of the different enzymes coordinating the biosynthesis of specialised metabolites. Here, we report on a newly identified withanolide BGC in Physalis grisea (ground-cherry), a member of the nightshade family (Solanaceae). A combination of transcriptomic, epigenomic and metabolic analyses, revealed that, following a duplication event, this BGC evolved two tissue-specifically expressed sub-clusters, containing eight pairs of paralogs that contribute to related but distinct biochemical processes; this sub- functionalisation is tightly associated with epigenetic features and the local chromatin environment. The two sub-clusters appear strictly isolated from each other at the chromatin structural level, each forming a highly self-interacting chromatin domain with tissue-dependent levels of condensation. This correlates with gene expression exclusively in either above- or below-ground tissue, thus spatially separating the production of different withanolide compounds. By comparative phylogenomic analysis, we show that the withanolide BGC most likely evolved before the diversification of the Solanaceae family and underwent lineage- specific diversifications and losses. The tissue-specific sub-functionalisation is common to species of the Physalideae tribe but distinct from other, independent duplication events outside of this clade. In sum, our study reports on the first instance of an epigenetically modulated sub-functionalisation within a BGC and sheds light on the biosynthesis of withanolides, a highly diverse group of steroidal triterpenoids important in plant defence and amenable to pharmaceutical applications due to their anti-inflammatory, antibiotic and anti- cancer properties.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2024

Joint operation of the CO2 concentrating mechanism and photorespiration in green algae during acclimation to limiting CO2

Due to low availability of CO2 in aquatic environment, microalgae have evolved a CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM). It has long been thought that operation of CCM would suppress photorespiration by increasing the CO2 concentration at the Rubisco active site, but experimental evidence is scarce. To better explore the function of photorespiration in algae, we first characterized a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant defected in low-CO2 inducible 20 (LCI20) and show that LCI20 is a chloroplast-envelope glutamate/malate transporter playing a role in photorespiration. By monitoring growth and glycolate excretion in mutants deficient in either CCM or photorespiration, we conclude that: i. CCM induction does not depend on photorespiration, ii. glycolate excretion protects algal cells from the toxicity of unmetabolized photorespiratory intermediates, iii. photorespiration is active at low CO2 when the CCM is operational. This work provides a foundation for a better understanding of the carbon cycle in the ocean where significant glycolate concentrations have been found.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2024

Genetic architecture of the tomato fruit lipidome; new insights link lipid and volatile compounds

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruit flavor is determined by a combination of multiple volatile compounds, including several derived from lipids and fatty acids. Although fruit flavor has been intensively studied, the linkage between lipid metabolism and flavor remains largely undefined. Here, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and QTL mapping for the fruit lipid content from 550 tomato accessions and 107 backcross inbred lines (BILs) in two consecutive seasons. Over 130 lipid compounds were identified and mapped, allowing for the identification of over 600 metabolic QTL (mQTL). We further described and validated candidate genes associated with lipid content. Among them is a lipase-like protein (TomLLP) whose function was validated in vivo using overexpression lines in tomato and knockout mutants in Arabidopsis. We also identified functions for three enzymes: a class III lipase (Sl-LIP8), a cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase (CFAPS1), and Lipoxygenase C (TomLoxC). By utilizing knockout lines for CFAPS1 and CRISPR-Cas9 loss-of-function lines for Sl-LIP8 and TomLoxC, we demonstrated the functional importance of these enzymes in fruit lipid metabolism. Our study provides a comprehensive analysis of the tomato fruit lipidome and insights into key genes that shaped the natural variation in tomato lipid content and their links to flavor-associated volatile compounds.

molecular biology↗

bioRxiv2024

Multi-omics of a rice population identifies genes and genomic regions in rice that bestow low glycemic index and high protein content

To address the growing incidences of increased diabetes and to meet the daily protein requirements, we developed low glycemic index (GI) rice varieties with protein yield exceeding 14%. In the development of recombinant inbred lines using Samba Mahsuri and IR36 amylose extender as parental lines, we identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and genes associated with low GI, high amylose content (AC), and high protein content (PC). By integrating genetic techniques with classification models, this comprehensive approach identified candidate genes on chromosome 2 (qGI2.1/qAC2.1 spanning the region from 18.62Mb to 19.95Mb), exerting influence on low GI and high amylose. Notably, the phenotypic variant with high value was associated with the recessive allele of the starch branching enzyme 2b (sbeIIb). The genome-edited sbeIIb line confirmed low GI phenotype in milled rice grains. Further, combinations of alleles from the highly significant SNPs from the targeted associations and epistatically interacting genes showed ultra-low GI phenotypes with high amylose and high protein. Metabolomics analysis of rice with varying AC, PC, and GI revealed that the superior lines of high AC and PC, and low GI were preferentially enriched in glycolytic and amino acid metabolism, whereas the inferior lines of low AC and PC and high GI were enriched with fatty acid metabolism. The high amylose high protein RIL (HAHP_101) was enriched in essential amino acids like lysine. Such lines may be highly relevant for food product development to address diabetes and malnutrition. Significance StatementThe increasing global incidence of diabetes calls for the development of diabetic friendly healthier rice. In this study, we developed recombinant inbred rice lines with milled rice exhibiting ultra-low to low glycemic index and high protein content from the cross between Samba Mahsuri and IR36 amylose extender. We performed comprehensive genomics and metabolomics complemented with modeling analyses emphasizing the importance of OsSbeIIb along with additional candidate genes whose variations allowed us to produce target rice lines with lower glycemic index and high protein content in a high-yielding background. These lines represent an important breeding resource to address food and nutritional security.

systems biology↗

bioRxiv2024

The transcription factor ATML1 maintains giant cell identity by inducing synthesis of its own (very) long-chain fatty acid-containing ligands

During development, cells not only adopt specialized identities but also maintain those identities. Endoreduplication is thought to maintain cell identity. High concentrations of ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA MERISTEM LAYER1 (ATML1) specify giant cell identity and induce endoreduplication in sepals. How different concentrations of ATML1 can specify different identities remains unclear. Here, we show that high concentrations of ATML1 induce the biosynthesis of both long-chain and very long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs/VLCFAs), and these fatty acids are required for the maintenance of giant cell identity. Inhibition of VLCFA biosynthesis causes endoreduplicated giant cells to resume division and lose their identity, indicating that endoreduplication is not sufficient to maintain cell identity. Structural predictions suggest that LCFA-containing lipids bind to the START domain 2 of ATML1, causing ATML1 dimerization and its auto-activation. Our data and modeling imply that ATML1 induces biosynthesis of its own lipid ligands in a positive feedback loop, shedding light on the intricate network dynamics that specify and maintain giant cell identity. Teaser: Endoreduplicated cells in Arabidopsis thaliana sepals divide and de-differentiate in the absence of VLCFA biosynthesis.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2024

Symplasmic phloem loading and sub-cellular transport in storage roots are key factors for carbon allocation in cassava

Cassava is a deciduous woody perennial shrub that stores large amounts of carbon and water in its storage roots. Previous studies have shown that assimilate unloading into storage roots happens symplasmically once secondary anatomy is established. However, mechanisms controlling phloem loading and overall carbon partitioning to different cassava tissues remain unclear. Here we used a combination of histological, transcriptional, and biochemical analyses on different cassava tissues and timepoints to better understand source-sink carbon allocation. We find that cassava likely utilizes a predominantly passive symplasmic phloem loading strategy, indicated by the lack of expression of genes coding for key players of sucrose transport, the existence of branched plasmodesmata in the companion cell/bundle sheath interface of minor leaf veins, and very high leaf sucrose concentrations. Furthermore, we show that tissue-specific changes in anatomy and NSC contents are associated with tissue-specific modification in gene expression for sucrose cleavage/synthesis, as well as subcellular compartmentalization of sugars. Overall, our data suggest that carbon allocation during storage root filling is mostly facilitated symplasmically, and is likely mostly regulated by local tissue demand and subcellular compartmentalization.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2024

Comparative analysis of the plasma metabolome of migrating passerines during stopover: Novel insights into flight metabolism

During long distance migration, many birds may experience periods of either prolonged fasting, during endurance flights, or extensive feeding during stopovers. It was previously shown that habitat selection during stopover can largely affect the migration outcome of an individual. Despite decades of research of the avian metabolism during stopover and migration, many questions have remained unanswered, as such research mainly focused on targeted metabolites and fat metabolism. Here, we examined the plasma-metabolome of migrating passerines prior to their crossing the Sahara Desert. Birds were sampled at two sites populated by Pistacia trees, bearing fat-rich fruits, and at an additional site dominated by blooming Eucalyptus trees. The blood samples were analyzed using both GC-MS and LC-MS, using an untargeted approach. We found that birds from one of the sites had a distinguish metabolic profile, suggesting recent landing. Examination of metabolic pathways activated during stopovers indicated a crucial role for cycling glucose through the Cori and Cahill cycles in resting and recovery processes. This novel perspective, conducted on free-ranging birds, suggests the evolution of avian insulin resistance due to factors such as endurance exercise, fasting, and a preference for fatty acid oxidation during migration, akin to cell trauma recovery. Additionally, we investigated inter-site variations in birds metabolic profiles. Significant variations were observed in both polar and lipophilic metabolites among the sites. Differences in polar metabolites were primarily attributed to variations in the physiological state of the birds between sites, while distinctions in the lipophilic profiles of rested birds were linked to variations in their primary food sources. This study underscores the challenge of interpreting commonly used indicators for assessing migrating birds physiological states and site quality, which are predominantly derived from lipid metabolism, in complex ecological systems.

ecology↗

bioRxiv2023

Natural variation in Arabidopsis thaliana identifies GlyoxalaseI;2 as key for the detoxification of glucose-derived reactive carbonyl species

Reactive carbonyl species (RCS) are toxic byproducts of normal metabolism that become more prevalent under oxidative stress. Here, we show that Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes exhibit natural variation in their ability to detoxify glucose-derived RCS. We identified the IP-Pal-0 ecotype showing enhanced tolerance to glucose-derived RCS via upregulation of the glyoxalase system. In particular, the Viridiplantae-specific isoforms GLXI;2, GLXII;4, and GLXII;5 are highly expressed in IP-Pal-0 when plants are grown in the presence of 2-keto-D-glucose (KDG; glucosone) or methylglyoxal, and protein extracts from these plants display enhanced GLXI activity on KDG than other ecotypes. We identified specific motif/cis-regulatory elements in the GLXI;2 promoter regions of Col-0 and IP-Pal-0 that may underlie the differential expression of GLXI;2 associated with KDG detoxification. IP-Pal-0 GLXI;2 contains two different amino acids compared to Col-0, but these do not affect the basic kinetics of the protein. Interestingly, we found that the simultaneous change of these amino acids also occurs together in the GLXI proteins of some other organisms, suggesting a convergence in the simultaneous change of both amino acid residues. Our findings underscore the importance of Viridiplantae-specific glyoxalase isoforms in detoxifying glucose-derived RCS, particularly KDG, and highlight the promise of harnessing natural genetic diversity in the glyoxalase pathway to enhance plant stress tolerance.

plant biology↗