Natal and adult dispersal among four elephant seal colonies
Dispersal plays a key role fostering recovery of endangered species because reoccupying a former range can only happen via dispersal. The northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) is a large, marine predator that was nearly exterminated in the 19th century by over-hunting. Once they were afforded protection from harvest, the species spread from a single remnant colony to reoccupy its former range. As colonies in central California were reestablished during the 1960s-1990s, tagged seals documented northward dispersal from southern California. The central California colonies are now large and well-established, and tagging programs at the four northernmost colonies allowed us to quantify the extent and direction of dispersal. Natal dispersal by females was highest from the southernmost colony at Piedras Blancas, where 61% of surviving females emigrated to breed. Dispersal from the other three colonies was much lower, 5.6% from SE Farallon Island, 10.3% from Ano Nuevo, and 16.6% from Point Reyes. Adult dispersal of females, after breeding, was rare, with an annual rate < 2%. Juvenile dispersal is thus frequent in elephant seals, highest northward but also occurring southward, suggesting that continued expansion to new colonies throughout the west coast is probable.