Local and regional urbanization: Correlates of parasite community composition and richness in the salt marsh fish, Fundulus heteroclitus
This study examined the relationship between urbanization and parasite community structure in the estuarine fish, Fundulus heteroclitus. We measured landscape and physicochemical factors associated with urbanization at 6 sites from 4 collection periods. Concurrently, we quantified the metazoan parasite community in F. heteroclitus collected at those sites, with 105 fish studied per site during the 4 collection periods. Parasite community composition differed between sites. Variation in the prevalence and intensity of infection of two indirect life-cycle parasites, Lasiocotus minutus and Glossocercus caribaensis, were the primary parasite species that determined this pattern. Sediment potassium and aquatic osmium were the most important physicochemical factors in structuring parasite communities, and habitat dominance was the most important landscape factor. Our data supports the hypothesis that urbanization, acting at both landscape and physicochemical scales, can have a significant impact on parasite community structure. This, however, varied by parasite life history: there was little effect of urbanization on the prevalence and intensity of direct life-cycle parasites, but significant variation was dedicated for indirect life-cycle parasites. This study demonstrates how anthropogenically driven landscape change influences fine-scale parasite population dynamics.