Biology subjects

Alexandrov, A. I.

Publications and source records attributed to Alexandrov, A. I..

6 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2024

SCRAPPY - a single cell rapid assay of proteome perturbation in yeast uncovers a joint role of aromatic amino acids and oxidative stress in the toxicity of lipophilic nucleoside analogs

Assaying cellular responses to antimicrobial molecules is a path to understanding modes of action of potential drugs. This is often achieved via transcriptomics and proteomics, but simple and inexpensive methods for rapid characterization are lacking. To bridge this gap, we assayed changes in the abundance of a panel of 64 "sentinel" proteins fused to GFP in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae using flow cytometry. This method produced expected patterns for classical antifungals and allowed inference of common mechanisms between known and novel compounds. Single-cell data also revealed diverging responses in mitochondrial protein abundance in response to thiazolidine antifungals, and perturbations of the cell cycle caused by various compounds. Finally, the method provided insight into the unknown mode of action of alkylated nucleosides, which can be used against fungi residing on works of art. These substances elevate levels of proteins involved in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids (AAA), as well as in oxidative stress. Furthermore, deficiencies of Trp and Tyr biosynthesis increased the efficacy of these compounds, while antioxidants reduced it. Most surprisingly, antioxidant effectiveness relied on AAA biosynthesis. Thus, our approach and its possible modifications for other microbes provides an easy and reliable platform for revealing modes of action of novel compounds.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2023

A liquid-to-solid phase transition of biomolecular condensates drives in vivo formation of yeast amyloids and prions

Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and liquid-solid phase transition (LSPT) of amyloidogenic proteins are now being intensively studied as a potentially widespread mechanism of pathological amyloids formation. However, the possibility and importance of such a mechanism in living systems is still questionable. Here, we investigated the possibility of such LSPT for a series of yeast prion proteins-based constructs overproduced in yeast cells lacking any pre-existing amyloid template. By combining fluorescence and electron microscopy with biochemical and genetic approaches, we have shown that three such constructs (containing the prion domains (PDs) of either Sup35, Rnq1 or Mot3 proteins) form amyloid fibrils via the intermediate stage of liquid-like condensates, that age over time into the more solid-like hydrogels and amyloid bodies. In turn, LSPT of these constructs triggers prion conversion of the corresponding wild-type protein. Two other constructs studied (Ure2- and Sap30-based) are unable to phase separate in vivo and their amyloidogenesis is therefore strongly suppressed. Using PrK-resistant amyloid core mapping, we showed that Sup35PD amyloids formed via LSPT have a different molecular architecture compared to those formed via amyloid cross-seeding. Finally, we showed that physiological LLPS of wild-type Sup35 protein can increase its prion conversion in yeast.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2021

Systematic identification of yeast mutants with increased rates of cell death reveals rapid stochastic necrosis associated with cell division

Cell death plays a major role in development, pathology and aging and can be triggered by various types of acute stimuli which arrest cell growth. However, little is known about chronic cell death in the context of continuing cell division. Here, we performed a genome-wide search for mutants with this type of death in dividing bakers yeast by assaying staining with phloxine B, which accumulates in dead cells. This screen yielded 83 essential and 43 non-essential gene mutants. Three contrasting types of spatial distribution of dead cells in colonies were observed, which corresponded to gene ontology enrichment for (i) DNA replication and repair, RNA processing, chromatin organization, and nuclear transport; (ii) mitosis and cytokinesis; and (iii) vesicular transport and glycosylation/cell wall homeostasis. To study dynamics of cell death in these mutants, we developed methods for analyzing the death of newborn cells (DON) and cell death in real time using microfluidics-based microscopy. These revealed rapid stochastic necrosis during bud generation or cytokinesis without prior division arrest. Increased death during division was associated with common sensitivity to plasma membrane and cell-wall perturbing agents, and could be mitigated by neutral pH stabilization of the medium. This suggests a common downstream type of cell death caused by a wide range of genetic perturbations.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2021

A standard knockout procedure alters expression of adjacent loci at the translational level

The S. cerevisiae gene deletion collection is widely used for functional gene annotation and genetic interaction analyses. However, the standard G418-resistance cassette used to produce knockout mutants delivers strong regulatory elements into the target genetic loci. To date, its side effects on the expression of neighboring genes have never been systematically assessed. Here, using ribosome profiling data, RT-qPCR, and reporter expression, we investigated perturbations induced by the KanMX module. Our analysis revealed significant alterations in the transcription efficiency of neighboring genes and, more importantly, severe impairment of their mRNA translation, leading to changes in protein abundance. In the "head-to-head" orientation of the neighbor and the deleted gene, knockout often led to a shift of the transcription start site of the neighboring gene, introducing new uAUG codon(s) into the expanded 5 untranslated region (5 UTR). In the "tail-to-tail" arrangement, knockout led to activation of alternative polyadenylation signals in the neighboring gene, thus altering its 3 UTR. These events may explain the so-called neighboring gene effect (NGE), i.e. false genetic interactions of the deleted genes. We estimate that in as much as [~]1/5 of knockout strains the expression of neighboring genes may be substantially (>2-fold) deregulated at the level of translation.

molecular biology↗

bioRxiv2019

Yeast Sup35 prion structure: two types, four parts, many variants

The yeast [PSI+] prion, formed by the Sup35 (eRF3) protein, can exist as multiple structural variants exhibiting phenotypic variation in the strength of nonsense suppression and mitotic stability. Structure of [PSI+] and its variation is only partly characterized. Here, we mapped the Sup35 proteinase K-resistant amyloid cores of 26 [PSI+] prions of different origin, isolated from yeast cells. In all cases the Sup35 amino acid residues 2-32 were fully resistant and the region up to residue 72 was partially resistant. Proteinase K-resistant structures were also found within regions 73-124, 125-153 and 154-221, but their presence differed between [PSI+] isolates. The [PSI+] phenotype depended mainly, if not solely, on the structure in region 2-72. Structures in region 73-221 were in some cases mitotically unstable and heterogenous. Two distinct digestion patterns were observed for the 2-72 fragment, which correlated with the \"strong\" and \"weak\" [PSI+] nonsense-suppressor phenotypes. All [PSI+] with a weak pattern were eliminated by multicopy HSP104 gene and were not toxic when combined with multicopy SUP35. [PSI+] with a strong pattern showed opposite properties, being resistant to multicopy HSP104 and lethal in the presence of multicopy SUP35. Thus, our data suggest existence of two distinct and reliably distinguishable structural classes of [PSI+] rather than a continuum of prions with gradually altering phenotype.\n\nImportancePrions and amyloids are relatively novel and incompletely characterized structures. To understand them better, we mapped amyloid cores of 26 isolates of the Sup35 yeast prion using proteinase K digestion and mass spectrometry. We found that these cores are composed of up to four proteinase K-resistant elements spanning almost the whole length of Sup35 region inessential for viability. However, only the N-terminal element was present in all structures. There are many variants of the Sup35 prion, and these are usually roughly combined into two groups, \"strong\" and \"weak\", based on the strength of their nonsense-suppressor phenotype. However, it was not clear whether such groups could be distinguished by any reliable qualitative criteria. Our data indicate that these groups do exist and can be reliably distinguished based on the N-terminal element digestion pattern and the effects of the multicopy SUP35 and HSP104 genes on these prion variants.

molecular biology↗

bioRxiv2019

Analysis of novel hyperosmotic shock response suggests \"beads in liquid\" cytosol structure

Proteins can aggregate in response to stresses, including hyperosmotic shock. Formation and disassembly of aggregates is a relatively slow process. We describe a novel instant response of the cell to hyperosmosis, during which chaperones and other proteins form numerous foci with properties uncharacteristic of classical aggregates. These foci appeared/disappeared seconds after shock onset/removal, in close correlation with cell volume changes. Genome-wide and targeted testing revealed chaperones, metabolic enzymes, P-body components and amyloidogenic proteins in the foci. Most of these proteins can form large assemblies and for some, the assembled state was pre-requisite for participation in foci. A genome-wide screen failed to identify genes whose absence prevented foci participation by Hsp70. Shapes of and interconnections between foci revealed by super-resolution microscopy indicated that the foci were compressed between other entities. Based on our findings, we propose a new model of the cytosol architecture as a collection of numerous of gel-like regions suspended in a liquid network. This network is reduced in volume in response to hyperosmosis and forms small pockets between the gel-like regions.

cell biology↗