Analysis of an open source, closed-loop, realtime system for hippocampal sharp-wave ripple disruption
Transient neural activity pervades hippocampal electrophysiological activity. During more quiescent states, brief {approx}100 ms periods comprising large {approx}150-250 Hz oscillations known as sharp-wave ripples (SWR) which co-occur with ensemble bursts of spiking activity, are regularly found in local field potentials recorded from area CA1. SWRs and their concomitant neural activity are thought to be important for memory consolidation, recall, and memory-guided decision making. Temporally-selective manipulations of hippocampal neural activity upon online hippocampal SWR detection have been used as causal evidence of the importance of SWR for mnemonic process as evinced by behavioral and/or physiological changes. However, though this approach is becoming more wide spread, the performance trade-offs involved in building a SWR detection and disruption system have not been explored, limiting the design and interpretation of SWR detection experiments. We present an open source, plug-and-play, online ripple detection system with a detailed performance characterization. Our system has been constructed to interface with an open source software platform, Trodes, and two hardware acquisition platforms, Open Ephys and SpikeGadgets. We show that our in vivo results -- approximately 80% detection latencies falling in between {approx}20-66 ms with {approx}2 ms closed-loop latencies while maintaining <10 false detections per minute -- are dependent upon both algorithmic trade-offs and acquisition hardware. We discuss strategies to improve detection accuracy and potential limitations of online ripple disruptions. By characterizing this system in detail, we present a template for analyzing other closed-loop neural detection and perturbation systems. Thus, we anticipate our modular, open source, realtime system will facilitate a wide range of carefully-designed causal closed-loop neuroscience experiments.